1990's Island Chain Motif Enamel -Hat, Lapel Pin Tie Tack Hawaiian 1"inch

Description

Hawaiian Island Chain
Hawaii Love Feels Good
Show your Local Hawaii Flair with this beautiful Hat Pin/ Tie  or Lapel Pin
Approximately 1" inch -see photos
New showroom sample /vintage old stock from 1990's
Shows some tarnish because of age but will not detract from overall beauty of pin.
Limited stock-Buy it Now!
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Hawaiian Islands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from
Hawaii Islands
)
For the list of individual islands belonging to the state of Hawaii, see
List of islands of Hawaii
.
Main article:
Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands
Nickname: Mokupuni o Hawai‘e
True color satellite image of the Hawaiian Islands
Geography
Location
North
Pacific Ocean
Highest point
Mauna Kea
13,796 ft (4,205 m)
Country
United States
The
Hawaiian Islands
(
Hawaiian
:
Mokupuni o Hawai‘i
) are an
archipelago
of eight major
islands
, several
atolls
, numerous smaller
islets
, and undersea
seamounts
in the North
Pacific Ocean
, extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometres) from the
island of Hawai
ʻ
i
in the south to northernmost
Kure Atoll
. Once known as the "
Sandwich Islands
", the name chosen by
James Cook
in honour of the then First Lord of the Admiralty
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
, the archipelago now takes its name from the largest island in the cluster. The
United States
state of
Hawaii
occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety, with the sole exception of
Midway
island, which is instead an unincorporated territory within the
United States Minor Outlying Islands
.
The Hawaiian Islands are the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
, formed by
volcanic
activity over a
hotspot
in the
Earth's mantle
. The islands are about 1,860 miles (3,000 km) from the nearest continent.
[
1
]
Contents
1
Islands and reefs
1.1
Main islands
1.2
Smaller islands, atolls, reefs
1.3
Islets
2
Geology
2.1
Earthquakes
3
Tsunamis
4
Ecology
5
National Monument
6
Climate
7
See also
8
References
9
Further reading
Islands and reefs
Main article:
History of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands from space.
[
2
]
Captain
James Cook
visited the islands on January 18, 1778 and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
, who was one of his sponsors as the
First Lord of the Admiralty
.
[
3
]
This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.
[
4
]
The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km
2
). Except for
Midway
, which is an
unincorporated territory
of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as the
state of Hawaii
—the 50th state of the
United States of America
.
Main islands
The eight main islands of Hawaii (also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands) are listed here. All except Kaho
ʻ
olawe are inhabited.
Island
Nickname
Area
Population
(as of 2010)
Density
Highest point
Elevation
Age (
Ma
)
[
5
]
Location
Hawai
ʻ
i
[
6
]
The Big Island
4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km
2
)
185,079
45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km
2
)
Mauna Kea
13,796 ft (4,205 m)
0.4
19°34′N
155°30′W
Maui
[
7
]
The Valley Isle
727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km
2
)
144,444
198.630/sq mi (76.692/km
2
)
Haleakalā
10,023 ft (3,055 m)
1.3–0.8
20°48′N
156°20′W
O
ʻ
ahu
[
8
]
The Gathering Place
596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km
2
)
953,207
1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km
2
)
Mount Ka
ʻ
ala
4,003 ft (1,220 m)
3.7–2.6
21°28′N
157°59′W
Kaua
ʻ
i
[
9
]
The Garden Isle
552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km
2
)
66,921
121.168/sq mi (46.783/km
2
)
Kawaikini
5,243 ft (1,598 m)
5.1
22°05′N
159°30′W
Moloka
ʻ
i
[
10
]
The Friendly Isle
260.0 sq mi (673.4 km
2
)
7,345
28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km
2
)
Kamakou
4,961 ft (1,512 m)
1.9–1.8
21°08′N
157°02′W
Lāna
ʻ
i
[
11
]
The Pineapple Isle
140.5 sq mi (363.9 km
2
)
3,135
22.313/sq mi (8.615/km
2
)
Lāna
ʻ
ihale
3,366 ft (1,026 m)
1.3
20°50′N
156°56′W
Ni
ʻ
ihau
[
12
]
The Forbidden Isle
69.5 sq mi (180.0 km
2
)
170
2.45/sq mi (0.944/km
2
)
Mount Pānī
ʻ
au
1,250 ft (381 m)
4.9
21°54′N
160°10′W
Kaho
ʻ
olawe
[
13
]
The Target Isle
44.6 sq mi (115.5 km
2
)
0
0
Pu
ʻ
u Moaulanui
1,483 ft (452 m)
1.0
20°33′N
156°36′W
Smaller islands, atolls, reefs
Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (all west of Ni
ʻ
ihau are
uninhabited
) form the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
, or Hawaiian Leeward Islands:
Nihoa
(Mokumana)
Necker
(Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals
(Kānemiloha
ʻ
i)
Gardner Pinnacles
(Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef
(Nalukākala)
Laysan
(Kauō)
Lisianski Island
(Papa
ʻ
āpoho)
Pearl and Hermes Atoll
(Holoikauaua)
Midway Atoll
(Pihemanu)
Kure Atoll
(Mokupāpapa)
Islets
3-D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands, with the white summits of
Mauna Loa
(4,170 m or 13,680 ft high) and
Mauna Kea
(4,206 m or 13,799 ft high). The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes, the bulk of which lay below the sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from violet (5,750 m or 18,860 ft deep northeast of
Maui
) and indigo to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows are shown in red, erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa,
Kilauea
, and
Hualalai
volcanoes on
Hawai
ʻ
i
.
The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.
[
14
]
This number includes all minor islands and
islets
offshore of the main islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:
Ford Island
(Moku
ʻ
ume
ʻ
ume)
Lehua
Kaʻula
Kaohikaipu
Mānana
Mōkōlea Rock
Nā Mokulua
Molokini
Mokoli
ʻ
i
Moku Manu
Moku Ola
(Coconut Island, Hawaii)
Moku o Loʻe
(Coconut Island, Oahu)
Sand Island
Grass Island
A composite satellite image from
NASA
of the Hawaiian Islands taken from
outer space
. Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended
archipelago
.
Geology
Main article:
Hawaii hotspot
The chain of islands or
archipelago
formed as the Pacific
plate
moved slowly northwestward over a
hotspot
in the
Earth's mantle
at about 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Hence the islands in the northwest of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to
erosion
. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.
[
15
]
From this study and others,
[
16
]
[
17
]
it is estimated that the northwestern most island, the
Kure Atoll
, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeastern most island,
Hawai
ʻ
i
, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawai
ʻ
i, and on the submerged but growing volcano at the extreme southeast,
Lo
ʻ
ihi
. The
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
of the U. S. Geological Survey documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism.
Almost all
magma
created in the hotspot has the composition of
basalt
, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are constructed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser grained,
gabbro
and
diabase
.
Nephelinite
, does occur on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawai
ʻ
i are
Hawaiian-type eruptions
because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.
Eruptions from the
Hawaii hotspot
left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific over millions of years, called the
Emperor Seamounts
Hawai
ʻ
i island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes.
Mauna Loa
, comprising over half of the Big Island, is the largest
shield volcano
on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).
[
18
]
See also:
List of Hawaii rivers
Earthquakes
The Hawaiian Islands have many
earthquakes
, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in
Hilo
, by missionaries
Titus Coan
, Sarah J. Lyman and her family. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.
[
19
]
Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a
magnitude
3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after
Alaska
and
California
.
[
20
]
On Sunday, October 15, 2006, there was an
earthquake
with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the
Kona
area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7
aftershock
. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as
Honolulu
, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the
epicenter
. Power outages lasted for several hours to whole days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.
Earthquakes are monitored by the
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
run by the
USGS
.
Tsunamis
Aftermath of the
1960 Chilean tsunami
in
Hilo
, Hawai
ʻ
i, where the tsunami left 61 people dead and 282 seriously injured. The waves reached 35 feet (11 m) high.
The Hawaiian Islands are subject to
tsunamis
, great
waves
that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by
earthquakes
somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.
Tsunamis may also initiate in the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of
Moloka
ʻ
i
had a catastrophic collapse or
debris avalanche
over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The
Hilina Slump
on the
island of Hawai
ʻ
i
is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.
The city of
Hilo
on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of
Hilo Bay
. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.
A tsunami resulting from an
earthquake in Chile
hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. It was declared a "good drill" for the next major event by the Governor.
A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about million in damages, almost all limited to the Kona coast of the Big Island. However, due to the deep underwater trenches that surround the Hawaiian islands, very few tsunamis reach them.
[
citation needed
]
Ecology
See also:
Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
The
endemic
plant and animal species of the Hawaiian Islands developed in nearly complete isolation over about 70 million years. Prior to the human arrival, the only native mammals were the
Hawaiian hoary bat
and the
Hawaiian monk seal
.
[
21
]
Human contact, first by
Polynesians
, introduced new trees, plants and animals. These included voracious species such as rats and pigs, who took a heavy toll on native birds and invertebrates that evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population also brought deforestation, forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food went extinct. As humans cleared land for farming,
monocultural crop production
replaced
multi-species systems
.
The arrival of the
Europeans
had a significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding more species to
list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
. As of 2009, many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered.
[
22
]
National Monument
Wikinews has related news:
Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument
On June 15, 2006, President
George W. Bush
issued a public proclamation creating
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
under the
Antiquities Act
of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest
[
citation needed
]
marine wildlife reserve in the world.
Climate
Main article:
Climate of Hawaii
The
climate
of the Hawaiian Islands is
tropical
but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and weather.
[
23
]
The islands receive most rainfall from the
trade winds
on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of
orographic precipitation
.
[
23
]
Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or
leeward
sides, tend to be drier.
[
23
]
In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).
[
23
]
Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.
[
23
]
The
tropical storms
, and occasional
hurricanes
, tend to occur from July through November.
[
23
]